DO vs MD: Choosing your medical path

Suppose you are debating whether to attend a DO or MD program for medical school, or perhaps figuring out which doctor you want to receive care from. In that case, you may have questions about the differences and similarities between these two degrees.

Graduates of these two unique programs can be found in medical institutions around the country, but the main differences lie in how these doctors approach medicine and aim to treat patients.

The paths to becoming a Doctor of Medicine (MD) or a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO) are similar, but it’s useful to know where they deviate if you plan on applying to medical school. We break down the key differences between MDs and DOs in education and training, practice, and salary, so you can make the best decision for yourself on which degree to pursue. Both MDs and DOs are physicians licensed to provide quality care and treatment for a variety of conditions, and patients seeking medical care may find it helpful to know what to expect from a professional with either degree.

What is an MD?

An MD, which stands for Doctor of Medicine, is a respected professional degree granted upon successfully completing an allopathic medical school. Earning an MD involves comprehensive training in conventional medical science, emphasizing the use of evidence-based medicine to diagnose health conditions and treat or heal patients. For those wondering how long medical school is, pursuing an MD typically requires four years of rigorous education after earning an undergraduate degree, followed by residency training in a chosen specialty.

Think of an MD as a conventional or “mainstream” physician, thoroughly trained in allopathic medical practices that form the foundation of modern healthcare.

The top 3 MD programs in the U.S., recognized for their competitive admissions and academic excellence, are:

1. Harvard Medical School
2. Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
3. Stanford University School of Medicine

Aspiring doctors will find that MD programs offer comprehensive preparation for a career as a licensed physician working in diverse clinical settings.

What is a DO?

A DO is a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine degree and an alternate but equally reputable path to becoming a doctor. DO programs train their students in conventional medicine, with instruction on holistic approaches to health incorporated in the curriculum. This approach considers the mind, body, and emotions as a whole during treatment. DOs complement pharmaceutical, surgical, and other traditional forms of treatment with alternative medical practices. These treatments include hands-on work on joints and tissue and practical lifestyle interventions that prevent or improve health problems.

The top 3 DO programs in the U.S. are as follows:

1. Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine
2. Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine
3. Lincoln Memorial University DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine

DO programs are gaining traction among pre-med students. Between 2011 and 2022, enrollment in DO programs grew by 68%.

Difference between MD and DO programs

There is a notable difference in the number of MD and DO physicians in the U.S. About 81% of physicians hold an MD degree, while only 19% have a DO degree. Nevertheless, interest in osteopathic medicine is increasing, and the proportion of doctors holding DO degrees is rising each year. As shown in the chart below, MD graduates outnumbered DO graduates for each year of available data. However, the number of graduates from osteopathic medical programs increased by about 77% from 2012 to 2023. Approximately one in four medical students is now enrolled in a DO program, adding new depth to the dialogue around MD vs. DO career paths.

Allopathic vs Osteopathic

The fundamental difference between MD and DO programs lies in their approach to patient care. MD programs offer a more conventional, allopathic method focused primarily on diagnosing and treating specific symptoms with proven medical interventions, often pharmaceutical. In contrast, DO programs emphasize osteopathic principles and take a whole-body, holistic perspective on healthcare. Osteopaths generally look for ways to lessen the use of medication by guiding patients to live healthier lifestyles and improve nutrition. This allopathic vs. osteopathic distinction is at the core of the DO or MD decision for many aspiring doctors.

MDs rely on standard medical instruments such as X-rays and prescription medications to diagnose and treat illness. Their approach generally focuses on isolating and targeting particular areas that need treatment.

Osteopathic doctors use all of the same diagnostic tools, but work toward understanding the entire body system and how lifestyle, habits, and environment affect overall wellness.

All medical doctors, whether allopathic (MD) or osteopathic (DO), are educated in the latest medical research and advancements in technology. However, those who pursue a DO degree get additional specialized instruction involving the musculoskeletal system, which includes bones, muscles, connective tissue, and nerves. DO candidates spend approximately 200 extra hours devoted to studying osteopathic manipulative medicine (OMM), gaining in-depth skills for relieving pain and addressing complex conditions.

Difference between DOs and chiropractors

While both DOs and chiropractors use hands-on techniques, the differences between the two professions are substantial. Osteopaths (DOs) are fully licensed physicians whose medical licenses grant them authority to prescribe medications, practice in every medical specialty, and utilize OMM as part of their patient care. Chiropractors, on the other hand, focus almost exclusively on spinal adjustments and alignment therapies within their practice. They typically operate independent clinics but are not able to prescribe medication or perform surgical procedures.

Similarities between MD and DO programs

Despite the differences in the programs, the steps required to become a doctor are virtually the same regardless of whether you have an MD or DO degree. Aspiring MDs and DOs must first complete a bachelor’s degree at an accredited undergraduate institution and pre-medical coursework. Most medical schools also require applicants to submit Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) scores as part of the admissions process.

Once accepted, students enter medical school, which generally lasts 4 years regardless of the degree. During this period, students undergo rigorous classroom education and clinical training. After completing medical school, graduates must pass either one of two licensing examinations: the USMLE for MD candidates or the COMLEX for those earning a DO degree.

Following successful completion of medical school and licensing exams, graduates must complete an internship and residency program, which can vary in length depending on the chosen specialty. More procedural-heavy fields like surgery, anesthesiology, and interventional radiology have a lower match rate for DOs. Those who want to enter surgery may lean toward an MD program, although all specialties are open to graduates of either kind of program.

Those who wish to further specialize in a particular field may also pursue a fellowship. Both MDs and DOs must obtain state licensure and certification before they are permitted to practice medicine. The road to becoming a DO or MD requires many years of studying, applied experience, and dedication.

DO vs MD: Education and training

Although MD and DO students follow similar educational and training paths, there are distinct differences between allopathic and osteopathic medical schools, including separate application services and institutions for each program. Students pursuing allopathic (MD) programs complete the AMCAS application through the American Medical College Application Service. Those interested in osteopathic (DO) programs apply using the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine Application Service (AACOMAS).

The AMCAS and AACOMAS application processes share similar timelines. Prospective students can start submitting their MCAT scores and primary applications in late spring or early summer. Afterward, applicants move on to secondary essays and interviews throughout the rest of the application cycle, with final decisions and commitments made in the following spring. Understanding these timelines is crucial for anyone planning to attend medical school.

Currently, there are 158 accredited allopathic medical schools and 37 accredited osteopathic schools across the U.S. A wide range of institutions offer MD programs, from private universities to leading public research centers. Osteopathic medical schools are often affiliated with smaller colleges focused on technical and healthcare education, though a growing number of larger state universities now offer DO programs as well.

When comparing allopathic vs. osteopathic admissions, there is a slight difference in average GPA and MCAT scores among accepted students. MD programs tend to report higher average stats: in 2024, the mean GPA for matriculants was 3.77 for MDs and 3.60 for DOs. The average MCAT score was 506.3 for MD programs and 502.97 for DO programs. However, these differences do not diminish the quality or integrity of either path; both degrees fully prepare graduates to become licensed physicians after completing the required training.

Upon graduating from medical school, whether from an allopathic or osteopathic program, MDs and DOs are eligible to apply for the same residency programs to gain hands-on clinical experience. Residency matches are determined mainly by individual performance and experience as a medical student rather than by the type of degree. While most DO graduates have historically entered primary care, it has become increasingly common for DOs to pursue fellowships in specialized fields after residency and take advantage of the same opportunities available to MDs.

As you consider what each degree offers for your future as a physician, understanding the key distinctions between allopathic and osteopathic education can help you decide which path best fits your goals.

DO vs MD in practice

Functionally, the day-to-day responsibilities of allopathic and osteopathic physicians are very similar, which is why the MD vs. DO distinction often matters less to patients seeking high-quality care. Whether you visit an MD or DO, you can expect a comparable standard of medical treatment. MDs are trained to deliver medicines and therapies that directly address the problems and symptoms troubling patients. Osteopaths are more hands-on and emphasize preventative and rehabilitative strategies in their practice.

For example, when addressing persistent leg pain, an MD might prescribe medication and offer advice for preventing further injury. An osteopathic doctor could prescribe similar medications but may incorporate manual therapy, such as massage, and guide the patient through rehabilitative exercises to promote long-term healing. Though there are practical differences between allopathic and osteopathic care, doctors with either background are expected to maintain the same commitment to patient well-being.

Patients interested in a comprehensive, full-body approach often choose osteopathic physicians, yet both MDs and DOs are fully qualified to deliver the same range of medical services. The choice between allopathic and osteopathic care ultimately depends on personal preference, as both types of doctors meet rigorous standards for patient care.

DO vs MD Salary

The average salary for a medical doctor in the U.S. is approximately $240,000 per year. When comparing DOs vs. MDs by salary, it’s important to note that both are licensed medical doctors with similar earning potential and opportunities for specialization. Salaries for MDs and DOs are influenced more by medical specialty and geographic location than by degree type.

According to the American Osteopathic Association, more than half of practicing DOs work as primary care physicians, focusing on family medicine, internal medicine, or pediatrics. In order to become a specialist, doctors must enter a residency program, which can focus on general medicine or specific disciplines. A greater proportion of MDs tend to specialize in fields like surgery or cardiology, which can affect overall averages for MD salaries. The chart above shows that 46% of MD seniors matched to residency programs in specialized fields like obstetrics and gynecology, general surgery, and diagnostic radiology in 2024. Meanwhile, 54% of DO seniors entered programs in internal or family medicine.

It’s worth noting, however, that DOs and MDs can expect to earn a comparable salary within the same specialty and region. As of May 2024, the highest earning medical specialists included pediatric surgeons, cardiologists, general surgeons, orthopedic surgeons, and radiologists. The following tables highlights average annual wages for top-earning specialists as well as primary care physicians and general practitioners:

Bureau of Labor Statistics and Indeed

Remember that both paths offer similar financial rewards and career flexibility when evaluating DO vs. MD salary prospects. Base your decision between these medical degrees on your preferred approach to patient care rather than expected income.

Finding the right path for you

Becoming a physician is a long, competitive, and often challenging process that requires careful planning. Both MD and DO programs offer rigorous medical training to prepare you for a successful career as a doctor, and many aspiring medical students choose to submit their medical school application to a variety of programs to maximize their chances.

MD programs are frequently associated with highly prestigious and selective universities, but attending a “brand-name” medical school is not required to receive excellent training. When preparing your AMCAS or AACOMAS application, keep in mind that many medical schools have acceptance rates as low as 3-5%, so it’s wise to apply broadly. Even if smaller MD programs and osteopathic schools are less well-known, they still offer exceptional education and comprehensive clinical instruction.

If your MCAT scores and GPA are strong, you should absolutely apply to top programs. However, even outstanding students from highly ranked undergraduate institutions must work diligently to distinguish themselves in the competitive applicant pool.

Both MD and DO programs are among the most selective degree tracks. Fewer than half of all MD applicants matriculate each year, so diversifying your list and applying to at least 15-20 programs through the AACOMAS or AMCAS application can significantly improve your odds. Deciding between MD and DO programs really comes down to personal preference.

Why osteopathic medicine?

DOs have the same rights and responsibilities as traditional medical doctors. A DO program gives you access to the same opportunities as an MD and is well-suited for people comfortable with administering manipulative physical treatments. Students skilled in math and sciences but curious about a full-person approach to medicine are a good fit for osteopathy. For those more interested in the fundamentals of medicine and who only want to take a standard medical curriculum, an MD program is the way to go.

When weighing the pros and cons of a DO vs. MD program, several other considerations come into play. Factors like school location, tuition costs, and the availability of in-state discounts at public institutions offering either DO- or MD-granting programs can have a major impact on your decision and future financial situation. Considering the high cost of medical school, state residency perks can make certain schools particularly attractive.

Whether you complete an MD or DO program, you will graduate with a respected medical degree and earn the “doctor” title. The choice between these two paths largely depends on whether the philosophy of osteopathic medicine appeals to you or if you’d rather pursue the more traditional approach. Both options lead to rewarding careers, so evaluating the fundamental difference between a DO and MD degree in relation to your own goals is key.

Key takeaways

When comparing DO vs MD programs, it’s clear that both types of physicians receive substantial training and rigorous medical education. The primary difference between MD and DO degrees is found in their educational philosophy: MD graduates typically follow a more conventional approach to medicine, while DO graduates are trained with a holistic perspective that includes osteopathic manipulative remedies.

In terms of quality and expertise, there isn’t a better type of doctor; instead, the real difference between DO and MD programs lies in their distinct philosophies and treatment methodologies. Knowing the difference between the two degrees can help future students and patients appreciate the unique strengths each type of physician brings to the medical profession.